The Earth’s Nuclear Core Essay -- Easrth Geology Geological Essays

The Earth’s Nuclear Core The Earth’s core is like a massive nuclear reactor, burning uranium into lighter elements, and producing much of the geological phenomenon observed on the Earth. This fission reactor is responsible for producing most of the Earth’s heat and energy, as well as, the phenomenon of geomagnetism. There is substantial reason to believe that the center of the Earth is a massive nuclear reactor derived from empirical data observed in the earth, and logical evidence to prove that the theory is true. The theory started when geologists in the fifties began whether natural occurring nuclear fission was possible. Eventually, empirical evidence presented itself. In 1972 at the Oklo uranium mine in western Africa, a natural nuclear fission reactor was discovered deep within the earth. The discovery provided an answer to the possibility of naturally occurring nuclear fission in the earth. Based on this discovery and other logical observations, the geophysicist, J. Marvin Herndon, proposed his theory in 1972, of massive planetary nuclear reactors. Recently Herndon proposed his newest theory. The theory is that the Earth has an estimated, five mile diameter, nuclear fission reactor in it’s core. This theory contradicts many traditional theories of geophysics, but is not with out ample evidence and reason to testify to it’s likely hood. Herndon, explains the conditions that must be present for a natural fission process to occur. The process of fission is the simply put, the breaking apart of heavy atoms to create lighter more stable atoms. Most elements try to become more stable through the processes of fusion or fission. These elements will generally form into a noble gas, those elements in ... ...m is that nobody has been able to disprove this theory. The founder of the theory, J. M. Herndon says, â€Å"I wish someone would respond, tell me that the science is wrong, but I just get nothing.† This says a great deal about the validity of these arguments. Anyone who would disagree would simply be ignoring the plethora of evidence stacked against other arguments. With so much evidence, and an apparent lack of serious opposition, it is difficult for any reasonable person to disagree with the idea of nuclear fission at the core of the Earth. This theory explains many phenomenon as well as answers old questions about the Earth. It should be understood that this theory is feasible and logical. So much evidence is certainly too convincing to ignore, and ignoring such an amount of evidence would be entirely foolish, for a scientist, institution, or any other person.

Diuretics Used in Sport

Alan Green W10013152 Methods of enquiry in sport and exercise science Structured essay Diuretics used in sport Diuretics are chemicals which are often used in sport to aid performance. The function of diuretics is to change the natural balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. Some athletes use diuretics to control weight; this is especially important in sports such as boxing where participants need to meet weight categories. Not only can diuretics help athletes to perform in lighter weight categories, they can also be used as a masking agent for other drugs.Diuretics dilute urine which can often help pass drugs tests. It is important that drugs such as diuretics are identified and managed in sports performance. This is especially true at elite levels as athletes have an unfair advantage when taking drugs to improve success. The use of research questions can help the understanding of drugs such as diuretics being used in sport. For research questions to be beneficial they have to be all of the following: Specific, measurable, achievable and realistic. Below are 4 specific research questions based around diuretics being used at elite levels in sport.By identifying research questions, understanding of the problem is increased: 1. To what extent can diuretics be used to improve an athlete’s performance? The use of this research question will allow the understanding of the physiological effect diuretics have on the body of an athlete. Article: Drugs in sport: Diuretics and masking agents. Mottram. 2. What is the relationship between diuretic consumption and the masking of performance enhancing drugs? Answering this research question will allow the understanding on how diuretics can be used as a masking agent for other performance enhancing drugs.Article: Exercise and sports nutrition: Principles, Promises, science and recommendations. Krieder et al. 3. What would be the overall effects on sport if the ban on diuretics and the drugs they mask was lifted ? By answering this research question, the ethics behind sport and fair play can be understood. Article: Anti-doping policies: New directions, Waddington and Smith. 4. What effects does the long term use of diuretics have on dehydration? Answering this research question will help the understanding of the effects of changing the natural balance of fluids in the body and how they can affect the liver causing dehydration.Article: Performance enhancing drugs in sport and exercise, Bahrke and Yesalis 5. What effect doe duretics have on cell structure The question being used for the remainder of this essay is: What would be the overall effects on sport if the ban on diuretics and the drugs they mask was lifted? This question can be used to understand the issues around the use of diuretics in sport. By using this research question†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Academic disciplines which provide theorectical underpinning to the research This question can help the understanding of the psychological effects on using diuretics.Allowing the use of diuretics in sport would affect athletes psychologically by making them feel superior and confident about their performance. However if performance enhancing drugs were legalised in sport, athletes would have unfair advantages. Diuretics are commonly used in sports which have weight categories such as boxing and body building In order to collect data from the research question, it has to be operationalised. Design Sample Instrumental Data analysis One problem with validity, one with reliability and one with ethics ValidityTo answer this I looked at what validity is in research terms. Basically validity is whether the research is really measuring what it claims to be measuring and as objectively as it says it is. Is the researcher really looking to prove a point or disprove a point and in doing so have they used a) Valid research questions to measure the required information and b) Is the research really measuring what is says it is measuring It is not difficult to see that if the answer to the above questions are both â€Å"no† then the research must be said to be invalid ReliabilityReliability looks at whether the research can be reliable in as much as can it be applied to a wider group with confidence that the same or similar results will follow thus making the research reliable. It is clear that reliability has a direct link then to sample sizes and sample validity and the spectrum of the sample, for example if a piece of company research only sampled 50 of its customers from 20,000 customers all of whom had completed a satisfaction survey and returned it with positive result in the past, could this be said to be a reliable as it has clearly taken a relatively small sample and unethically used past known positives?It can be seen that the data capture process or research methods have a big impact on reliability. Ethics Again I sought to answer this question by looking at what ethics was in both normal everyday si tuations and in research terms. In both cases it appears to be about morals and right and wrong. The debate in research terms seems to be a very large one, however I came across this statement â€Å"†¦.. our assumption is that academic freedom does not confer a â€Å"right to do research† Anthropology Matters Journal 2010, Vol 12 (1) http://eprints. oas. ac. uk/10352/1/The_problem_of_ethics_in_contemporary_anthropological_research. pdf From this and further reading I think the single biggest problem with research ethics is different people have different ethical value bases and believe different things are right and wrong. It is clear however that if the ethical basis of the research can be easily attacked then it validity and reliability must both come into question.It is also clear that different sectors of society may take different views from different perspectives i. e. a financial institutuion may take a different view than a church. References: ALPHABETICAL ORDER Waddingoton, I. Smith, A. (2009) Addicted to winning? An introduction to drugs in sport. Richard B. Kreider, Brian C. Leutholtz, Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch 2009 Michael S. Bahrke, Charles Yesalis – 2002 – David. R Mottram 2011 5th editition

The Between Media And Body Image - 1348 Words

discrimination, and condemnation. The thin ideal has been constructed by the society and by the media. But women are affected that kind of construction. Mass media give narrow definition about the standard of beauty. Delis noticed this massage everywhere, especially in the media, â€Å"I am so affected by Glamour magazine and Vogue and all that; I’m looking at all these beautiful women. They’re thin. I want to be just as beautiful. I want to be just as thin. Because that is what guys like† (Hesse-Biber, Sharlene Nagy 12). The media representation of the thin ideal has been connected to the predominance of body image dissatisfaction and dieting disorders. This is also one of the important reason about the connection between the media and body image. This connection is serious because low body image sometimes leads to disordered eating (anorexia, bulimia, binge eating), which in turn can lead to death in the United States. Mass media does not measured healthy habit. It is only measured women waist, hip, and thigh. The pressure to be unhealthy thin is a reality of the today’s society. Reading of the fashion m agazines that women use these magazines for information about how to be thin and beautiful that should be influencing Females’ dieting behaviors. Everyday teenage girls and women are victim with a narrow definition of beauty, which is only limited in physical appearance. In addition, it is influenced by mass media. The Barbie doll is one of the advertisement of mass media,Show MoreRelatedHow Does Self Discrepancy Of Media Influenced Body Image Affect Adolescents Self Esteem?1235 Words   |  5 PagesSection A: Project Details Title: How does self-discrepancy of media-influenced body image affect adolescents’ self-esteem? Abstract: Research has shown that exposure to thin-ideal media is related to body dissatisfaction. Consequently, the accumulated dissatisfying emotions regarding one’s body can evolve into distorted body perception. Such disturbed body image has been evident as associated with low self-esteem. Nonetheless, little research has sought to elucidate the rationales for these perplexedRead MoreSocial Media Allows People To Share Pictures And Ideas1057 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media allows people to share pictures and ideas with others across the world. Women and girls can use social media to earn approval for their appearance and compare themselves to others. Women during this time period that are so heavily impacted by the media can link their self-worth to their looks. I used scholarly articles all relating to how social media affects body image to decide what my view point was. After research, we can conclude that social media has a negative effect on a woman’sRead Mor eLiterature Review : Body Image1173 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review: Body Image â€Å"Act 2: Extending Theory on Social Media and Body Concerns† shows the pattern and connection between social media and body image. People that are already affected by vulnerable factors, such as low self-esteem, depression, perfectionism and the thought that appearance is essential to self-worth, seek the gratifications that come from using social media. For example, if someone is feeling unattractive, but a picture they posted online is getting liked and commented onRead MoreBody Image And Dissatisfaction Of The Thin Ideal1577 Words   |  7 Pages Body Image and Dissatisfaction The media’s interpretation of the â€Å"thin ideal† has caused people to modify their personal perception of body image, which is defined as the â€Å"internal representation of one’s own outer appearance reflecting physical and perceptual dimensions† (Borzekowski; Bayer). This notion is akin with self-esteem and self-concept possibly resulting in individuals having an inadequate body image as well as low self-esteem. The term â€Å"body dissatisfaction† is defined as a negativeRead MoreThe Impact Of Fitspiration Images On College Women s Body Image1433 Words   |  6 Pages​It is undeniable that the body changes many times throughout the length of adulthood. Education is one indicator that a person has began their journey into adulthood. Attending a University is a time when many men and women set out on their own to find their own identity and place in the world. Part of that identity is body image. Tiggemann and Zaccardo (2015) conducted research that aimed to investigate the impact of fitspiration images on college women’s body image. Participants included 130 femaleRead MoreMedias Destructive Influence on Women Essay1215 Words   |  5 Pagessociety is being presented with images of perfection, beauty, or sexuality. Some of these images represent unrealistic or unreachable expectations and can be truly harmful. It is common to see women exploited in reality TV shows an d music videos. Young women are also influenced by the images that they see in commercials, billboards, internet sites, and movies. These images serve to harm a woman’s self confidence and also are affecting their overall health. Today’s mass media messages are having a negativeRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Image1484 Words   |  6 Pages Media has developed to become omnipresent in the day to day lives of the westernized societies. The media is considered a gigantic umbrella that houses a plethora of different outlets underneath it such as television, music videos, magazines, commercials, video games and social media. In this paper, the effects of media and various media types are examined to understand their potential outcomes. Focusing on how and if media affects body image in girls and women, the themes of dieting awarenessRead MoreAre You Beach Body Ready?1232 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Are you beach body ready?† This is a slogan of a controversi al advertisement in the UK with a slender, yet curvy woman in a bikini. Even though this commercial is for promoting diet products, the focal unrealistic, idealized female body image in a bikini and her seductive eyes make the most women ashamed of their body images. Sweney reported, the advertisement was a controversial issue due to a reason of women’s sexual objectification and banned in the UK eventually. Even though the advertisementRead MoreEssay about Movie Icons1614 Words   |  7 Pages Back then, the ideal female body is by having a smaller mid-section (e.g. hourglass ideal/corsets). Marilyn Monroe’s tiny waist and seemingly large bust line triggered female fans to start to engage more on physical activities. The outburst on slender-looking portrayal of body-image began in early 1960s (e.g. Fashion icon, Twiggy). Most western societies experience enormous pressures on individuals to conform and achieve the thin-ideal. This influence by mass-media affects jus t about anyone includingRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Body Image1538 Words   |  7 Pagesthe concept of body image is influenced by external factors as culture, society norms, especially with the development of modern social media, it has grown up to be an important element in affecting the perception of body image to shape the body image. The influence of mass media may be related to the social comparison process of appearance in female and male. The ideal media body image, it is easy to compare in everyday life, and that will result to dissatisfaction with people s body size. On the

The Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison And Gorilla My Love By...

Clearness of Vision and of Life In both Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison and Gorilla My Love by Toni Bambara, the description of the main character s vision symbolizes the character’s conceptualization of their future. Both of these stories’ main characters start with clear vision and a clear sense of their futures. In Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, the narrator is tasked with the responsibility of driving Mr. Norton around; at the beginning of the drive, the narrator intently listens to Mr. Norton’s story and has his â€Å"eyes glued to the white line dividing the highway† (Ellison 31). He focuses on driving and doing his job correctly; similarly the narrator also heavily focuses on his academic success at the university and completing his job†¦show more content†¦At school, he no longer has to fight for money in battle royals; he can focus on his studies. He focuses on the white line while driving just as he focuses on his education at this point in his life. This same symbolism also in Toni Bambara s Gorilla My Love. The narrative begins with the narrator, Hazel, in the front seat of the car, reading the map and giving her grandfather directions. At this point in her story, Hazel can clearly read the map and give directions. Regarding her map-reading duties, Hazel states, â€Å"when you sittin in the navigator seat with a wet thumb on the map crinkly in your lap, watchin the roads...you got sense enough to say take the next exit or take a left† (Bambara 1). Due to her ability to clearly read the map and give directions, it can be concluded that her vision is not clouded by anything at this time. She knows where she is going and how to get there; Hazel still has â€Å"got sense enough to say take the next exit or take a left† (Bambara 1). She does not have a trouble in the world and she simply is doing what she always does, reading the map for her grandfather. Hazel still believes that her uncle will actually marry her and t hat she will become his wife. Her future is still clear and unobstructed; she can clearly see which way to go and how to get there. But this initial clear vision does not last for both narrators, instead, both of

Essay on Modernization Theory The Development Ladder

Modernisation theory has been a dominant theory since post-World War II (McMichael 2012:5) to describe development and social change. It is structured and outlined through five different stages of development ladder proposed by Walt Whitman Rostow in The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. (1961:4) The first premise of modernisation theory reflected by development ladder is that development happened in a sequential process through stage by stage while the second premise underpinned by ‘development ladder’ is conformity towards Wests values and norms. However, these two premises are found to be problematic as they are neglecting the differences in societies and assuming that the development ladder system is†¦show more content†¦This is the part where obstructions to achieve development are overcome whether in social, political or in technological aspects. The drive to maturity stage happens approximately 40 years after the take-off stage ends. The society should be able to employ the newly improvised techniques on variety of its resources compared to the previous original methods in several industries of production. This section is where the society has the capability to just create anything and everything with polished skill and advanced technology according to Rostow.(1961:4) When the society reaches the age of high mass-consumption stage, it denotes the final stage in development ladder. The focus of the production has been changed towards sturdy consumer goods and services as the increased resources are able to be allocated for social benefits and security. In the meantime, the income and productivity are increased as well as the number of conversions to high skilled jobs. This last stage is the main goal of development and modernisation that must be realised by surpassing all the former stages. Development ladder carves the fixed path for all societies regardless of the background. Development depicted through develo pment ladder is progressed linearly throughout the process. Rostow suggested that the development is shaped stage by stage towards modernisation. This tenet is not credible as these stages are centralised on Western and highly ethnocentrism. It isShow MoreRelatedWorld Theory And Wallersteins Stages Of Social And Economic Development731 Words   |  3 Pagesessay attempts to compare and to contrast the theories of Walt Rostows stages of social and economic development and Wallersteins world system theory. The Rostows five-stage model of economic growth and core-periphery concept of Wallerstein’s three-part world system theory are both used to identify a countrys development. Although they have similarities, there are differences between the two models. Rostows five-stage model emphasizes on the development process of countries. On the other hand, WallersteinsRead MoreThe 16Th And 17Th Centuries In England Are Marked By The1478 Words   |  6 PagesIn regard to these developm ents, it has been argued that the spiritual and educational standing of women had been elevated during this time, coupled also with the fact that this period saw the rule of three female monarchs, which arguably challenged and improved society’s opinions and attitudes toward women. However, it is important to critically consider whether these societal movements have been retroactively deemed beneficial to women because they had favored modernization– a process that wasRead MoreSheilah Otieno. Professor Hax. T-Sem 102-65. April 4, 2017.1518 Words   |  7 Pageswhere they are stuck in to date. Whereas the wealthy countries continue to reap the benefits of poor countries south of the hemisphere. From this research, it seems that no matter what poor countries do, somehow, they can never climb up the economic ladder. In fact, Ellwood’s (2009) claim of rich countries taking over poor countries and its resources was supported by a movie producer, Barnes (2015), who gave us visual of how rich countries were taking over a poor country. In this case, Canada was takingRead MoreThe Perceived Challenges of Women in Leadership Positions That Prevents Them from Climbing the Corporate Ladder2114 Words   |  9 PagesThe Perceived Challenges of Women in Leadership Positions That Prevents Them from Climbing the Corporate Ladder Introduction For years, women have encountered gender bias in the corporate environment. Men have dominated the workplace making it difficult for women to advance in power and leadership. Gender bias has become problematic for the career oriented women creating barriers such as stereotyping, job advancement, power imbalance, and unequal wages. Hymowitz and Schellhardt (1986) describedRead MoreTrends Issues and Policies in Philippine Education 15257 Words   |  22 PagesTrends, Issues and Policies in Philippine Education System The Philippine Education System at a Glance The Philippine education system can be described as a dynamic one. It has undergone several stages of development from the pre-Spanish era to the present. Dating back at the pre-Magellanic period, the Philippine education was informal, unstructured and without method. Learning was more experimental than theoretical. During the Spanish era, education was done by missionaries for the eliteRead MoreEssay on Foucaults Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison2301 Words   |  10 Pagesin his most famous books. Far from disciplinary, society today is â€Å"post panoptic,† as Nancy Fraser has argued — in a move which seems to confirm Jean Baudrillard’s demand that we â€Å"forget Foucault.† In order to answer the question, how Foucault’s theory of the disciplinary society can be used to understand the body in the society, I would like to begin this essay by returning to Foucault’s book – Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison. This book deals with the disciplinary institutions andRead MorePolitical Economy Analysis Of Outdoor Leisure Essay6549 Words   |  27 Pagesâ€Å"socialism with Chinese characteristics† market and local social communities under the context of the planned socialist economy to an authoritarian market economy. In order to fulfill this purpose, this chapter first examines the prerequisites for the development of outdoor leisure practices in the panoramic view of the whole country and then site-municipal areas, from the ideological perspective, Chinese Macro-economic background, underlying which Maoist era Party-state’s class-struggle ideology has beenRead MoreIncome Inequality in the United States Essay3271 Words   |  14 PagesAmerican dream is that all citizens have equal civil liberties and a responsive government. However the effectiveness of democracy is being threatened by increasing inequality in the United States. â€Å"The dominant view holds that economic de velopment and modernization are the key to the continued growth of democracy† (Snider and Faris 2001; United Nations, 2011). In the last decade especially the American Society has had significant moments of increasing equality. In 1960 the Civil Rights Movement changedRead MoreSoc Test9122 Words   |  37 Pages A hypothesis A correlation An association The scientific method 10 points Question 8 One approach to examining the relationship between variables begins with observations and ends with theory. This approach is called Answer validity reliability inductive reasoning deductive reasoning hypothesis testing 10 points Question 9 Molly is conducting researchRead MoreEssay about Anthro Final6421 Words   |  26 PagesFinal Exam Review Sheet 1. Formal economic theory is based on assumptions such as: a. the value of a particular commodity decreases as it becomes more scarce. b. only occasionally do people maximize their material well-being. c. people, when exchanging goods and services, naturally strive to maximize material well-being and profits. d. families will compete against each other to assert rights of ownership and allocation. e. in societies where there

Principle of Project Management

Question: Discuss about the Principle of Project Management. Answer: The post has been highly effective to compare as well as contrast between the usages of different standards within the organization. In this context it has been identified that PMBok is the most effective to be familiar with the standardized process of any project management. It includes nine most crucial areas of project management, which are quality management, communications management, risk management, procurement management, human resources management, cost management, time management, scope management and integration management (Snyder, 2014). At the same time, Prince2 is the most wide spread practice methodology that promotes a structural business approach within the organization. Application of Prince2 effectively enhances the team coordination be making everyone aware of the project goals, responsibilities, quality requirement, stages as well as performance requirement. On the other hand, the ISO standard is effective for enabling the organization to understand the relations hip between discipline and business environment. Similarly, every industry adheres to any standards to maintain its level of effectiveness and quality. The application of these standards in global, cross cultural as well as international platform has been succinctly depicted in this post. It has been appropriately reflected that the standard itself would not be affected due to the change of platform. However, the policies under the standard must be used differently to accommodate different workforce (Burke, 2013). In addition to that, the post has identified that management approach and structure need to modified in order to enhance the effectiveness and flexibility within the team to accomplish the project in a dynamic, albeit collaborative manner. The post has attempted to compare and contrast the major standards used in various industry for project management. Although the post has been effective to provide necessary information regarding the each standard, it has failed to draw necessary argument to depict the comparative evaluation of these standards. The post has also failed to address the key features of each standard to draw an argument in the context of their relevance in the project management. The post needed to state the benefits of these standards for using in project management so that the comparison can be drawn from the level of effectiveness of these standards. It has been wrongfully stated that as PMBok and Prince2 is compatible, they have no difference between them. It has been observed that while PMBok largely comprises with knowledge of project management, Prince2 focuses on the execution of the project in a controlled environment. ISO 21500, on the other hand provides distinct norms to followed by the organ ization to have a greater efficiency and safety within the projects (Too Weaver, 2014). The post has been failed to provide necessary information regarding the application of these standards in the global, cross cultural as well as international platform. The post needed to present how the standards interact with each of the platforms at the time of executing the project. It could have been stated that although the project standards are not affected with the change of platform, the underlying processes need to be modified according to the requirement of the project and accommodation of the workforce (Kerzner, 2013). Reference List: Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Snyder, C. S. (2014). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge: PMBOK () Guide. Project Management Institute. Too, E. G., Weaver, P. (2014). The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), 1382-1394.

Techniques of effective coordination free essay sample

The basic objectives of all managerial functions is to get things done by coordinated efforts of other. Thus, every function leads to coordination. However, following are the specific techniques for achieving coordination. (1) Coordination by Effective Communication. In an organization, the chain of command is the most important method of coordination. Superior because of his organizational position, has the authority to issue orders and instructions to his subordinates. Weber has indicated that in a controlled administration, coordination is achieved. (2) Coordination by Leadership. Leadership brings individual motivation and persuades the group to have identity of interests and outlook in group efforts. Ordway Tead has stated that top management should practise leadership because without it, no coordination can be achieved. (3) Coordination by Effective Communication. Communication helps to developing understanding between individuals and groups among whom coordination is to be achieved. Through communication, every person understands his scope and limits of functioning, authority and responsi bility recently and relations. We will write a custom essay sample on Techniques of effective coordination or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus effective communication provided horizontal as well as as vertical coordination if there is a free and adequate flow of communications in all directions – horizontal, vertical, upward and downward. Communication to be effective does not require only a communication network but to keep the network free from any barrier, which affects flow of messages adversely. (4) Coordination by committees. Committees are the body of persons entrusted with discharging some functions collectively as a group. Some committees have the authority to take decisions and other makes recommendations only. The decisions of the committees are group decisions and the persons whose departments are affected by decisions generally constitute the committees. Thus the decisions themselves provide coordination among various functions of the organization. (5) Coordination by General Staff. Generally, in big organizations there is general staff meant for coordination. This staff enjoys a central position in communication network. All the heads of departments and sections send the various information to this center. This center stores the information and sends to various departments only relevant and related information. This center, because of its specialized knowledge,  is able to access the relevance and need of various information for a department. Thus the coordination is achieve by supplying inter-departmental information. (6) Special Coordinators. In some organizations, special coordinators are appointed for coordinating some specified activities (7) Self Coordination. This principle states that a particular department affects other departments and in turn is affected by them. However this department has no control over others. In such a case, if other deparments modify their actions in such a way that this affects the particular department favorably, self-coordination is achieved. This requires effective communication across the department so that they are able to appreciate the functioning of related department. However this method is not free from limitations and shortcomings and in the organization, favorable climate and environment need to be created for self-control. Techniques of effective coordination free essay sample The basic objectives of all managerial functions is to get things done by coordinated efforts of other. Thus, every function leads to coordination. However, following are the specific techniques for achieving coordination. (1) Coordination by Effective Communication. In an organization, the chain of command is the most important method of coordination. Superior because of his organizational position, has the authority to issue orders and instructions to his subordinates. Weber has indicated that in a controlled administration, coordination is achieved. (2) Coordination by Leadership. Leadership brings individual motivation and persuades the group to have identity of interests and outlook in group efforts. Ordway Tead has stated that top management should practise leadership because without it, no coordination can be achieved. (3) Coordination by Effective Communication. Communication helps to developing understanding between individuals and groups among whom coordination is to be achieved. Through communication, every person understands his scope and limits of functioning, authority and responsi bility recently and relations. We will write a custom essay sample on Techniques of effective coordination or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus effective communication provided horizontal as well as as vertical coordination if there is a free and adequate flow of communications in all directions – horizontal, vertical, upward and downward. Communication to be effective does not require only a communication network but to keep the network free from any barrier, which affects flow of messages adversely. (4) Coordination by committees. Committees are the body of persons entrusted with discharging some functions collectively as a group. Some committees have the authority to take decisions and other makes recommendations only. The decisions of the committees are group decisions and the persons whose departments are affected by decisions generally constitute the committees. Thus the decisions themselves provide coordination among various functions of the organization. (5) Coordination by General Staff. Generally, in big organizations there is general staff meant for coordination. This staff enjoys a central position in communication network. All the heads of departments and sections send the various information to this center. This center stores the information and sends to various departments only relevant and related information. This center, because of its specialized knowledge,  is able to access the relevance and need of various information for a department. Thus the coordination is achieve by supplying inter-departmental information. (6) Special Coordinators. In some organizations, special coordinators are appointed for coordinating some specified activities (7) Self Coordination. This principle states that a particular department affects other departments and in turn is affected by them. However this department has no control over others. In such a case, if other deparments modify their actions in such a way that this affects the particular department favorably, self-coordination is achieved. This requires effective communication across the department so that they are able to appreciate the functioning of related department. However this method is not free from limitations and shortcomings and in the organization, favorable climate and environment need to be created for self-control.