Marxism Analysis of The Lower Depths Essay Example for Free

Marxism Analysis of The Lower Depths EssayMaxim Gorkys The Lower Depths shows the struggle between homophileakines. Unquestionably, its centre is on the piteousest of the economic totallyy low class large number being controlled by the bourgeoisie. It is also a representation of how cruel the society could be towards them and how, in turn, the people are affected by the society. Although the play talks of the story of low class people the vagrant, the gambler, the ex-artist, the ex-aristocrat, the prostitute, and so many others, the thiefs guinea pig is the best to display the struggle between the classes. Thieves are likely to be wicked, troublesome, and disobedient. However, the thief in the text projects only the wickedness and troublesomeness but is non really disobedient. He is a bit subservient to the whims of their landlady. Though it is true that there are times when he doesnt want to follow what the char says, in the end the woman would always find a way to make him do whatever she likes. For instance, when the landlady wanted the thief to kill her husband, the thief refused. And to drive her plans into reality, she beats Natasha whom the thief cared about.This made the thief furious and he went to confront the landlady but he incidentally killed her husband instead. Aside from this, the fact that the landlady owned her babe Natasha made the thief adhere to her caprice. He is always protecting his love and is willing to do everything to spare her from the landlord and the landladys injustice. The text embodies how the low class people resist the ideology of those in the higher classes. However, because of circumstances they are in, they end up going along with whatever those in higher classes demands.The lower economic groups are ignored in this text by those higher than them. The mere title of the play is distasteful. The place where the characters live is created and tagged as the lower depths by no other than the society itself. This just means that the society is also the primary reason for the repression experienced by the people. What the society didnt realize is that these low class people are in the lower depths because they are deprived of chances to attain their goals and they are put on circumstances that destroy their self-confidence.The system of the control class caused the alienation of the low class people, therefore causing them not to be able to live their lives to the fullest. Also, the setting is where the characters tell their stories and debate on whether it is best to live without illusions on ones own capability or to embrace a romanticized view of the world in order to protect oneself from the pain of daily life. In the play, it is the character of Luka who seems to idealize everything in life and the one who demonstrate that philosophy is meant to be used as an instrument to initiate change.Precisely, it was him who played the opposing figure to the rest of the characters. He is an exam ple of an old man whom experiences made wise. He serves as an inspiration to everyone he meets by urging each of them to start a new life. In spite of this, his extreme optimism could also be the same reason why his life failed. And although he amazed the neglected lower class people in the lower depths, his arrival in their lives was too late that their energy and will has already taken from them. No matter how those people translate to ascend from the social swamp, they are always shoved back into the depths.For example, when Natasha and the thief were about to begin a new life, destiny surpass them. Natasha was terribly beaten by her sister and when the thief came to confront the landlady, he accidentally killed the landlord. The theme of the play could be about the dominance of the higher class over the lower classes. As one of the plays characters puts it And so for all the others. Locksmiths then bootmakers and other working folk and all the agriculturals and even the gent ry they live for the better manEach thinks es livin fer imself, yet it turns out its fer that better man. All of them who live in the depths and all the other workers seem to believe that they are financial support for themselves. What they dont realize is that they are living to work and feed the bourgeoisie. And aside from this, the fact that the characters came from different field means that the bourgeoisie could control all aspects of the culture. To sum up, the play is a depiction of how the bourgeoisie rule the society. And the fact that the society puts the label to people shows how powerful it could affect other peoples lives.

The audience in Act 1 Scene 1 of A Taste of Honey Essay Example for Free

The audience in Act 1 Scene 1 of A Taste of lovemaking EssayHow does Shelagh Delaney establish the relationship of the main characters for the audience in Act 1 Scene 1 of A Taste of Honey?The first scene is probably the most important scene of all, as it enjoins us ab go forth(a) the nature of the characters and their attitudes. The first words of the fetch that are fix up directions play a big part. The quote the stage represents a comfortless flat . . . . . the street outside. Jazz music this tell us about the clock time in which they lived which was post war Britain from the jazz music. Jazz music is associated with the blues that was music about being down on your luck which was popular at these times.Mentioning that they lived in Manchester also gave a feeling of their sur measureings. In Manchester at this time of the play there would have been few people of different ethnic origins as opposed to 1 in 20 British citizens being African, Asian or Caribbean origin in the 1990s. besides in that day and age it was yet a tiny minority of the population on which were single parents. This would be the most important scene because it gave us an idea of what Helen and Jo are like. It tells us what there attitudes are and what sort of relationship they have.Helen reacts differently to Helen at the first impressions of the flat. While Helen is making the flat sounding a lot better than it actually is to impart her feel a little bit better so she doesnt feel like a failure, Deep down inside she knows she is. Helen about the flat when she says Whats reproach with this place? . . . . . Anyway it will do for us. Jo hates the flat and expresss her feelings when she expresss to her mother I dont like it which are also the first words Jo, says in the play. Also Jo keeps pointing out faults to the flat like the roofs leaking and I bet itll smell trying to persuade Helen that the flat she had taken was a dump. You could say that Jo is pessimist and Helen i s an optimist when it comes to attitudes to the flat. The setting of the flat is truly demoralise and greatly affects the characters of the play and brings them down.From the descriptions of the characters there are all the things people dont want to live near such as the gasworks, the slaughterhouse, tene workforcets and a cemetery. Also when they arrive in the flat its raining which I think reflects how the characters are feeling and how low they are at the time. In the time Jo and Helen moved into the flat it was post war Britain and everything was being spent on buildings that needed restoring from the bombing during the wars. This meant that very little money was being spent to improve the condition of housing. The state of the flat affects Jo and Helen do tension and most arguments nearly always start from living conditions of their flat. The flat also represents the chain of their life. They move from one run old flat to other that we arrive out when Jo says, Every place we find is the same which shows they are in a cycle they cannot break.Jo and Helen are mother and daughter, but as a reader its more of a sister relationship. Helen isnt a supportive mother and puts Jo down when she can which we find out when she says The way she bangs about I tell you, my heads coming off. In the play there is one part where Helen offers to pay for Jo to go to Art School. Even though she says Have you ever . . . youll soon produce I dont think she means it and follow through with promises.They talk to one and other like they have no comply for each other. Jo doesnt show respect to her mother because she sees no reason to, after all, what has Helen ever done for Jo? Helen also doesnt care for Jo, as she never shows any affection to Jo at all when Jo says, Youve for sure never been affectionate with me. If Jo and Helen werent mother and daughter I think they wouldnt want to know each other if they had the choice. Its almost as if they had been forced together.The most probably subject to cause arguments is the state of the flat and how they actually treat each other. Also Shelagh Delaney uses humour, as in the form of sarcasm which relieves the tension of the atmosphere of the play and gives a little bit of light relief which Helen expresses when she says Why, have we run out of cemetery space? . . . When were gone. There is also a lot of green-eyed monster between Jo and Helen. Jo is jealous of Helens men because she always shows affection to them rather than her. Also Jo once said I used to like one of them fancy men which also shows jealousy because Helen was hanging round him and never noticed Jo. Helen is jealous of Jo because she is young.When they first enter the flat Jo is a lot more organised than Helen and takes all over the mother role because straight away she looks for sufficient heating God Its freezing Isnt their ant sort of fire anywhere, Helen? Also she puts a scarf round the light as a lampshade to make the room feel be tter with a softer light.To these characters the audience would feel tension as soon as they had walked through the door. But Shelagh Delaney tries to relax the mood with added sarcasm.When ray of light enters he is presented as a brash car salesman, cigar in mouth, and from his dialogue we find he is a very selfish self-centred man. He doesnt care about anyones feelings when he says, Why dont you go home to your father? . . . Too bad to Jo that is a very sensitive issue to her, because of the fact she doesnt even know who her father is. He also tries to drag her to the pub knowing full well she that wasnt feeling well.When Peter is present she always she always wants to be there to get her mothers attention as a way of being spiteful to her. Helen acts as if Peter is an unsought presence and tries to push him away at every advance he makes on her. But in the end she quite likes him as we find out when she says, Well, you certainly liberate something in me. And I dont think its m aternal instincts either.The relationships in the first scene are very clear between Jo and Helen as we find out from the first time there is introduced. They fight as soon as they walk through the door of the flat.They both hate each other but in the end they care for each other. The relationship between Helen and Peter isnt that clear as it mentions little history, but from what Helen says hes not very pleasant person. We do find out that Helen had tried to escape from Peter when she says, How did you find my address. Its also clear that Jo doesnt like Peter as she tries to ruin Helens relationship with Peter. Also we know that Peter isnt interested in Jo and we find this out as Peter doesnt show any consideration to Jos feelings.

Market and business analysis of camille bloch

Market and business compend of camille blochCamille Bloch is one of the most visionary and creative burnt umber manufacturers in Switzerland. It only screwing be found in European countries such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Canada, Denmark, France, Austria and Italy, etc. There is no trade sh atomic number 18 in Asian countries. Therefore, Camille Bloch needs to extend tender market for their harvest-feastion, such as capital of capital of Singapore. done analyzing external environment, companion finds that Singapore is a potential market. The government welcomes every legal business to invest in Singapore. Besides, Singapore is a free port for imported beardy interpose and snacks. consort to World Bank 2010 report, Singapore economy is the easiest to do business and has been awarded the most competitive country in Asia. Facing legion(predicate) competitors, this caller-out mountain habituate its competitive advant progress to improve its yield potential. Because Sing apore is a relatively niche market which surrender only one city, Camille Bloch allow for make market segmentation according to the demographic of Singapore and ensconce to take up 13-29 years old customers as pose market. They ar reported as one of the most dynamic customers in the market. And teenagers with discretionary spending power, they can choose any kind of produce they take without influences from the p argonnts. Camille Bloch will choose direct exporting to let Singaporean distributors put new products in this market. Company will choose to export instantly done importer located in Singapore. It gives an opportunity for caller to learn Singapore markets before investing and reduces the potential risks of in operation(p) overseas, extending the sales potential of existing products and gain instruction about foreign competition. At the same time, MOUSSES is current product in Camille Bloch. If it take to develop new market, company need to use market teachi ng outline as market expansion strategy. During the process of increase, Camille Bloch needs to use marketing coalesce strategy to make MOUSSES popularized. For product strategy, company will choose independent little piece packaging to produce and put in Singapore market while its price strategy is making combination with iii kinds of price strategies. The cut limit of this price is marginal cost while the upper limit of this price is demand price. After that, Camille Bloch will establish skilful cooperation with Fairprice, Cold Storage Group, Sheng Siong, Carrefour and gargantuan supermarkets finished choosing good distributors possessed noble reputation and abundant experience. Once entering into Singapore market, company will continually propagandize this product to enlarge its popularity and obtain market shares through sales promotion, advertising and retail terminal enters POP. Through these strategies to introduce this brand, we believe that company will have good foreground in Singapore market.2. IntroductionCamille Bloch is one of the most visionary and creative java manufacturers in Switzerland. Camille Bloch is an independent family business. With the promptly development of epoch, they have a greatest challenge is the balance between the established and the modern. They must connect their recipes and advanced technologies. Besides, they try their new product ideas. However, Camille Bloch products cannot be found all over the world. It only can be found in near European countries such as Canada, Denmark, France, Austria and Italy, etc. There is no market share in some Asian country. Therefore, Camille Bloch should export their product to some Asian countries such as Singapore.3. External environmental AnalysisEnvironment is most important part for a company that is in any industry. For a company, they should put a lot concentration on this part. First of all, a company should analyze the macro-environment and it can be analyzed from m any areas. There are some main elements can be impacted corporation such as political, economical, social, technological, environment and legal, etc. Singapore is one of the best business environment countries in the world. There are many influences can impact chocolate product import such as government political, importer tax or huge demand, etc. However, some of them are positive and the others may negative.3.1. Political and sub judice EnvironmentGovernment implys almost every aspect of business life in every single country. Singapore is an enterprise friendly country. The government welcomes any legal business to invest in Singapore. Besides, Singapore is a free port for imported confectionery and snacks. Although, there are 7% tax of goods and serve well will be charged by the importer before imported products but no import duties are levied on imported confectionery and snacks. This politic can help chocolate company which export to Singapore to reduce cost. However, Choco late manufacturer who wants to sale the products in Singapore should has high product quality streamer because their product should be subject to inspection.3.2. Economy environmentThe Singapore economy is active free-market economy and the per-capita income of Singapore likewise is the highest in ASEAN. According to report, Singapores economic g courseth was rapidly slowing down than before since third quarter 2008 because of the international financial crisis. However, Singapores economic still very strong. According to World Bank 2010 report, Singapore economy is the easiest to do business. Also, Singapore has been awarded the most competitive country in Asia.3.3. Social CulturalSingapore is multi-culture country. It also is an eastern country which still has handed-down family values, but the young generation has adapted to western culture and values. Currently, the population of Singapore is more than 4 million. Singapore ethnic mix is Chinese (75.2%), Malays (13.6%), and In dians (8.8%). Singaporean are very hard working, therefore, they get a lot of work stresses. So, they need chocolate or candy to reduce pressure.3.4. Technological FactorsWith the rapidly development of technology, it can impact many kind of things such as distribution strategies, media strategies, etc. When a brand goes to a foreign country as a new brand, the company must use some method to introduce their product. Media is perfect implement can help them to achieve their goals. In Singapore, there are many media tools can be available such as MRT, bus, taxi, TV or magazines, etc. Also, distribution channels are very important tool for a company. There are many distribution channels can be employ. For example, Convenience store is important channel for confectionery. Because, these places always are frequented by younger Singaporeans but it is difficult to increase brand awareness. Therefore, the company can choose some major retailers to sale their products such as Fairprice, S hengSiong and Carrefour, etc or some specialty confectionery shops such as The Cocoa Trees or Umeya chains of outlets4. Competitor AnalysisCompetitor analysis is important to a company. It can affect marketing strategies when the company wants to launch the product in the market. In this way the company can find areas of potential competitive advantage and disadvantage. We can use many methods to analyze competitors, first identifying competitors and assessing competitors and then selecting which competitors can become attacker and which competitor can be avoided.4.1. Main competitorFor Camille Bloch chocolate company, there are many direct and indirect competitors in Singapore. More than 30 countries supply confectionery to Singapore such as USA, UK, Netherlands, and Switzerland, etc. Also, there are many different brands can be found in the market such as Nestle, Ferrero, Lindt, Hershey and Haagen-Dazs, etc. But some brands are direct competitors and some of them are indirect. For example, Haagen-Dazs is a famous confectionery company. Their major product is ice-cream. Although, Haagen-Dazs is indirect competitor for Camille Bloch, however, they still can get some market share in confectionery market of Singapore. Also, it can affect the marketing strategy when Camille Bloch products enter market.Direct competitor is most important part which should put more concentration. In Singapore confectionery market, Nestle, Ferrero, Cadbury, KitKat, Cacao, etc are key competitors. These competitors have different products and have different target customer. These competitors products are quite traditional.4.2. Competitive advantageSingapore chocolate market needs some new product can bring some activities. Therefore, Camille Bloch has a new product is called Mousse mixture can give a fresh filling to Singapore market. The Mousse mixture from Camille Bloch has always been smooth and light. And there are three different flavours can be chose such as Lait Extra for ligh t-coloured, milky extravagance Lait for traditional connoisseurs and Noir for gourmets who p interest the bittersweet taste of plain chocolate.4.3. Growth potentialSingapore confectionery market is a developing market. There are many opportunities can make company successful. Camille Bloch can use Mousse mixture to enter to market and increase their brand awareness. When this product can get some market share, Camille Bloch can launch some other products into Singapore market. According to Singaporeans habit, Camille Bloch also can do other product except chocolate such as coffee or ice-cream. It is because many Singaporean love these two things. Some Singaporean is coffee pledgeer, they may drink more than eight cup of coffee per day. So, these are the growth potential for Camille Bloch in Singapore market.5. Market segmentation and target marketingThere is no single way to segment a market. Market segmentation is the process of dividing a market into smaller stems of sullyers with distinct needs, characteristics or behaviors who might require resolve products. Market segmentation reveals the firms market segment opportunities. After evaluating different market segments, companies must decide on target market to conduct business strategies. A target market consists of a set of buyers who share common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve. Due to the demographic of Singapore, target market of our product is teenager and young adult age from 13 to 29 year old. Chocolate has been a part of the everyday consumers lives and become a popular product of Singaporean adults and children. They are reported as one of the most dynamic customers in the market. Teenagers with discretionary spending power, they can choose any kind of product they want without influences from the parents because they already have their own allowance. For young adults, they have jobs and income so they can decide for their consumer behavior. They buy chocolate for th emselves or they use chocolate as break item at other celebration such as birthdays, weddings. This has created a situation in the market where there is seasonal demand, with a high similitude of sales being made between November and April. This close includes most of Singapores major festivals or celebrations like Deepavali, Thanksgiving, Christmas, Calendar New Year, Chinese New Year, and Valentines Day. In this period there is quite a high level of spending.6. Market entry and expansion strategies6.1. Market entry strategiesThere are many ways for company to introduce products into foreign markets such as exportation, Licensing, Franchising, Joint Ventures, Strategic Alliances, Acquisition or Greenfield Operation. Selection method depends on costs, risk and the degree of control which can be exercised over them. The simplest form of entry strategy is exporting because it requires minimum resources while allowing high flexibility and offers substantial financial, marketing, tec hnological and other benefit to the company. Exporting methods include indirect or direct export. Indirect exporting involves the use of independent intermediaries or agents to market the firms product overseas. These agents, known as export representatives, wear thin responsibility for marketing the firms product through their network of foreign distributors and their own sales force. On the other hand, direct exporting occurs when a manufactures or exporter sells directly to an importer or buyer located in a foreign market.In Singapore, people can be purchased chocolate from hypermarkets, supermarkets, convenience stores, petrol station stores, minimarts, provisions/ grocery store shops and kiosk-type shops or stalls located in shopping centre, entertainment complexes, tourist locations, airport shops and even at traditional street-side newspaper stalls. There are also some specialty shops, which operate in chains or as single site outlets. Because this is the first time company introduce product into Singapore, we select only mousse chocolate it is the latest news product mixture from Camille Bloch has always been smooth and light. Company cannot sell products directly to consumers so company will choose to export directly through importer located in Singapore. It gives an opportunity for company to learn Singapore markets before investing and reduces the potential risks of operating overseas, extend the sales potential of existing products and gain information about foreign competition. Some companies specialize in importing Singapores Confectioneries are Hong Yi Hao occupation Pte Ltd, Kaimay Trading Pte Ltd, Sing Long Foodstuff Trading Company Pte Ltd, Diethelm Singapore Pte Ltd and etc. Most importers have their own distribution networks, collect cargoes, re-pack in warehouses and deliver to consumers through retailers such as Fairprice, Cold Storage Group, Sheng Siong, Carrefour and Giant.6.2. Market expansion strategiesCurrent ProductNew ProductsCu rrent Market1. Market Penetration strategy3. Product Development StrategyNew Market2. Market Development Strategy4. DiversificationStrategyFigure 6.2.1 The product/ market expansion gridironCompany has decided to developed new market (Singapore market) for the existing company product (mousse chocolate). It is called market development strategy. Finding new market for the new customer helps company to increase performance by increasing sales and profit. After the company approached the new market, companies must conduct the strategy to expand market so the company to be able to survive long term. The first one is to introducing more products to the market, that way you will be able to get multiple new customer bases. Company is able to launch all kind of Camille Blochs product like Ragusa chocolate, Torino chocolate, Liqueur chocolate and Napolitains chocolate. Since then company can find the best- merchandising product and focus marketing effort on that product as well as use thi s bestseller product to gain multiple profits. The second one is to add segment to expand companys market. One way to do so is to decide to target a new segment such as children age from 3 to 12 year old or family consumers.7. International marketing mix7.1. Product strategyCamille Bloch releases many kinds of products in Switzerland. Especially, MOSSUE have its special feature. So company will decide to choose it to expand Singapore market, enhancing chocolate categories. Camille Bloch puts MOUSSE into Singapore market in array to generate differentiation with competitors. According to the survey for Singapore retail markets, most of chocolate being sold in Singapore market are imported brand or enunciate venture brand, their packaging are mainly row block packaging. However, independent little piece packaging is seldom used by chocolate company. remit 7.1.1 shows packaging specifications of major competitors.BrandRow blockGift packagingCadbury50k,70k,100k180k,220kBerly,s46k,50k ,70k,85k130k,250kFerrero40k,60k200k,300k,375kToblerone50k,100k200kTable 7.1.1 The analysis of packaging specifications of major competitorsThrough analyzing two kinds of packaging, traditional row block packaging have some obvious shortcomings, such as incommodiousness, insanitation and so on. While the characterization of independent little piece packaging is that every piece of chocolate have its own packaging. Consumers can tear wrapping paper to eat out every piece. This kind of packaging is conveniently used and health for consumers. And the production volume of independent little piece packaging can conveniently be adjusted according to market needs or they can be split into bulk packaging.So Camille Bloch should launch independent little piece packaging of MOUSSES in Singapore market in order to obtain more competitive advantage.7.2. Price strategyThe level of market share in enterprises, speed of market acceptance for new products, the image of enterprises and their products in the market have close relationship with price strategy. Under the fierce competitive environment of chocolate industry, we need to make combination with three kinds of pricing strategies. The lower limit of this price is marginal cost while the upper limit of this price is demand price. Apart from it, company also needs to refer the competitive situation of Singapore market in order to make the reasonable price.Camille Bloch should adopt invasive pricing strategy. When MOUSSES products entered into Singapore market, the pricing for this product is lower than joint ventures and wholly-owned international competitors. Through this pricing strategy, company hopes Singapore customers to know that MOUSSES chocolate is cheap but good Switzerland imported chocolate. Then the position of MOUSSES chocolate will become clear through pricing and brand image like imported products, reasonable price can be clearly established.Through analyzing the retail price of main competitive brands, we obtain the proportion of price competition from main competition brands and have developed suggested retail price of MOUSSES anatomyBrandRetail price (the smallest unit)1CadburySGD $1.55 per piece (50k)2Berly,sSGD $3.15 per piece (46k)3FerreroSGD $2.7 per piece (40k)4TobleroneSGD $2per piece (50k)5MOUSSESSGD $2.8 per bag (45k)Table 7.2.1 The analysis of chocolate retail priceNotes the pricing of retail prices will decrease 5%-10% than competitors, which can give customers adequate impulsion of visual, psychological and the value. But the function of price is not greater than 10% of international competitors. Its final price is lower than Berlys chocolate, about 6%. If invasive pricing appears profits loss, company can compensate this through the scale sales. Once this product get a foothold in Singapore market, its retail price will call-back.7.3. Place strategy7.3.1. The choice of channelsSingapore is a relatively niche market which have only one city. So the choice of distributio n channel doesnt go out the differentiation between cities. Camille Bloch firstly cooperates with supermarkets to directly provide this product into Singapore market. At the same time, Camille Bloch should establish good cooperation with Fairprice, Cold Storage Group, Sheng Siong, Carrefour and Giant supermarkets. Moreover, this brand finally spread all over selling point of this country in the right of national network of supermarkets. For example, hypermarkets, convenience stores, provisions/grocery shops and kiosk-type shops or stalls located in shopping centre, entertainment complexes, tourist locations and airport shops.7.3.2. The choice of distributorsFor MOUSSES, employing dealers to distribute is an economic and effective way. Dealers send MOUSSES of Camille Bloch to customers, the speed of goodbye and service quality directly affect the sale of product and market image. So company will select local distributor possessed high reputation and abundant experience, such as Hon g Yi Hao Trading Pte Ltd, Kaimay Trading Pte Ltd, Sing Long Foodstuff Trading Company Pte Ltd.7.4. Promotion strategyThe promotion mix for extending MOUSSES as follow7.4.1. Sales promotionPromotion persons will send free sample in large person flow and high-end commercial network. The main target customer is 13-29 years old persons. Sales persons strive for letting target consumers taste. Using novel taste and good quality attract customers to buy MOUSSES chocolate.7.4.2. Retail terminal inputs POPThis part contains some means such as posters, flags, special shelves, organizing professional tallymen to tally. They unified the standard of display in the store and make use of neat, orderly and beautiful display to cause the impulsion of customers, inspiring purchasing desire.7.4.3. AdvertisingDuring the period of Singaporean important festival, company should input some advertisement through TV media and make outdoor advertisement putting up air-conditioned vehicle to establish the br and image, cultivating target consumer group loyalty and attracting new customers.8. ConclusionThrough the analysis of external environment and competitors, Camille Bloch will make market segmentation according to the demographic of Singapore and decide to choose 13-29 years old customers as target market. This company will choose direct exporting to let Singaporean distributors put new products in this market. Market development strategy as market expansion strategy will be used for MOUSSES. Apart from that, marketing mix strategy also will be designed to successfully put this new product into Singapore market. Company hopes that this product can be extended as presently as possible.

The Reproductive Health Bill

The Reproductive wellness nebPublic creed is the aggregate of individual dispositions and beliefs with regards to important takingss. Public opinion holds great importance in democracies because a democracy, by its real definition, con nones a form of government that is responsive to the people. Democracy is most often defined as a set of procedures and institutions intended to f in entirely upon the holders of political power directly liable to the electorates. The quality of democratic government is measured by the responsiveness of habitual policymakers to the preferences of the mass public. For that reason, public opinion allow always play an important role in policy-making process in the Philippines, a democratic demesne. Views and opinions of the ecumenic public should be taken into reflexion in formulating, passing and implementing a policy. Hence, stakeholders and interests groups roles be very vital in falling policy exits since stakeholders and interest grou ps are the means through which public opinion is brought in the Halls of the Congress. In view of this, the government is faced with the need to balance the conflicting views of different stakeholders, interest and pressure groups in the decision-making process. This is clearly exemplified in the contentious Reproductive wellness charge.This paper studies the different stakeholders involved in the Reproductive Health Bill and the degree in which they affect policy outcome ground on the resources and resource mobilization capacities they gestate. The firstly part of this paper includes definition and the presentation of wellness and community situation in the Philippines. The second part focuses with the provisions, debates and advocate of RH plug-in. The third part provides an depth psychology of the different stakeholders and resources and resource mobilization capacity that they watch. Lastly, the examination of how these stakeholders and interest groups send packing act ually affect policy outcome and the degree on which they affect it.The controversy of RH bill led to many implications. Reproductive wellness is now a by news show that enthralled the public attention. Therefore, there is a need to define the term base on a standard definition. Reproductive wellness addresses the procreative processes, functions and dodging at all stages of life. Reproductive wellness implies that people are fitted to assume a liable, satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the immunity to decide if, when and how often to do so (World Health Organization).Although this appears to be the only definition of the term in any inter bailiwick document, the definition implicitly implies that generative health includes the right of men and women to be informed of and to have access to safe, in force(p), affordable and acceptable methods of fertility regulation of their choice, and the right of access to appropriate health care services that give enable women to go safely through maternal quality and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy child (International Conference on Population and Development, 1994).Of the eight Millennium Development Goals, achieving world(a) access to productive health by 2015 is one of the both targets of Goal 5, up Maternal Health. Due to this, a comprehensive study of the reproductive health in the Philippines is greatly needed and in turn, to develop and actually implement a policy that pull up stakes give Philippines equal chances to the right to reproductive health and develop programs that volition seek to address problems related to reproductive health in the country.Over the past 30 years, ontogenesis countries population have rise up almost twice the rate of those in the developed and advanced countries. As an effect, a number of people have caught up with exalted infant fatality rate, low life expectancy, disease, malnutr ition and illiteracy. Rapid population growth causes difficulties in managing economic and companionable changes, including the balancing of the fruits of economic development efforts (Leverage International, 2011).Governments of the Third World countries and as well as of those developed nations recognized that the measurement of economic development is not based only on economic indicators such as income distribution but a bid by the quality of life of its people (Leverage International, 2011).Philippines, as a developing country, experiences rapid population growth. consort to the 2007 Census by the bailiwick Statistics Office (NSO), the Philippine population was 88.57 million and the estimated population as of 2010 is 94.3 million and this made the country as the 12th most populous country in the world. This high population results to high infant mortality rate which is 19.94% in 2010. In amplification to this, the lifetime risk of maternal(p) death in the Philippines is 1 in every 140, according to United Nations International Children Emergency Funds State of the Worlds Children 2009 report. from each one day, about 11 Filipino m differents or 4,500 each year die because of hypertensive disorders, severe hemorrhage or former(a) labor- or abortion-related problems. The country is also part of a group of 68 countries where 97% of worldwide maternal, neonatal and child health deaths occur.Moreover, the county is witnessing the fastest spread of the homosexual immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in its history. phoebe bird new HIV cases are recorded everyday according to the National Epidemiology Center of the Department of Health.High infant mortality rate, high maternal mortality rate and a number of HIV cases are not the only problems that the Philippines is experiencing in relation to reproductive health. Because of the lack of a concrete reproductive health and family delivering policy and program in the country, unwanted pregnancy incidences becom e high. Due to this, Filipino women are forced to undergo induced abortion as one of the methods that they use to meet their reproductive goals. Although abortion is illegal in the Philippines, and despite the potential harmful consequences of an unsafe abortion for womens health and life, many women fall back to abortion to meet their family-size goals or to space births (The Guttmacher instal, 2003).The Incidence of Induced Abortion in the Philippines Current Level and Recent Trends (2005), a study conducted by Fatima Juarez, Josefina Cabigon, Susheela Singh, and Rubina Hussain for the Guttmacher Institute revealed the followingSix in 10 Filipino women say they have experienced an unintended pregnancy at some point in their lives. more or less 1.43 million pregnancies each yearnearly half of all pregnancies in the Philippinesare unintended.Some 54% of women who have ended an unintended pregnancy by abortion were not victimization any family planning method when they conceived. Of those who were practicing contraception, three-fourths were using a traditional method.The average Filipino woman wants 2.5 children. In order to achieve that goal, she must overleap more than 19 years using efficient contraceptive methods. However, nearly half of all married women of reproductive age have an unmet need for effective contraceptionthat is, they are sexually active, are able to have children, do not want a child soon or ever, but are not using any form of contraception or are using traditional methods, which have high failure rates.Aside from induced abortion that can lead to deaths, other problem due to the lack of reproductive health policy is the risk of acquiring cervical cancer. The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually-transmitted, wart-forming virus that has been interested in causing cancer of the cervix. This is the most common cancer in women secondary to breast cancer (Department of Health, 2008).Due to these findings and other statistics such as h igh infant and mortality rates, these imply that there is an immense need for a policy to ensure the right to reproductive health in the Philippines. Although reproductive health has long been considered a basal universal kind-hearted right, this right remains elusive and illusory for millions of Filipinos, particularly the lamentable.The first comprehensive version of reproductive health bill, House Bill 8110 or The Integrated Population and Development Act of 1999 was filed in the 11th Congress. Twelve years after, the country still does not have a reproductive health policy and the issue of the current reproductive health bills remains a heated and controversial issue as the first RH bill.Today, the struggle of RH advocates still continues for the portrayal of a comprehensive reproductive health bill.House Bill 4244 or The Responsible Parenthood, Reproductive Health and Population and Development Act of 2011 is the most recent version of a reproductive health bill that was f iled in the 15th Congress. H.B. 4244 is popularly cognise as the consolidated RH bill in substitution to the other reproductive health bills that are pending in the Congress. The other reproductive health bills are as followsHouse Bill 96 (Rep. Edcel Lagman)An Act Providing for a National Policy on Reproductive Health, Responsible Parenthood and Population Development and for other PurposesHouse Bill 101 (Rep. Janette Garin)An Act Providing for a National Policy on Reproductive Health and Population Development and for Other PurposesHouse Bill 513 (Reps. Kaka Bag-ao and Warden Bello of Akbayan companionship argument)An Act Providing for a National Policy on Reproductive Health and Population and Development and for Other PurposesHouse Bill 1160 (Rep. Rodolfo Biazon)An Act Providing for a National Policy on Reproductive Health and for Other PurposesHouse Bill 1520 (Rep. Judy Syjuco)An Act to Protect the Right of the People to Information on Reproductive Health CareHouse Bill 3368 (Rep. Luzviminda Ilagan and Emmi de Jesus of Gabriela Womens Party)An Act Providing for a National Policy on Reproductive Health for Women and Development and for Other PurposesH.B 4244s objectives are as followsTo uphold and promote respect for life, informed choice, birth spacing and responsible parenthood in conformity with internationally recognized human rights standards.To guarantee universal access to medically-safe, legal and quality reproductive health care services and relevant information even as it prioritizes the inescapably of women and children.To realize these goals, the consolidated RH Bill has the following key provisionsMandates the Department of Health (DOH) and Local Health Units in cities and municipalities shall deal as the lead agencies for the implementation of this act.Mandates the Population Commission, to be an attached agency of the Department of Health, shall serve as a coordinating body in the implementation of this Act.Provides for the creation of a n enabling environment for women and couples to make an informed choice regarding the family planning method that is best suited to their needs and personal convictions.The LGUs and the DOH shall ensure that a Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) for reproductive health, including maternal and neonatal health care kits and services will be given proper attention in crisis situations such as disasters and humanitarian crises.Provides for a maternal death review in LGUs, national and topical anaesthetic government hospitals and other public health units to decrease the incidence of maternal deaths.Products and supplies for modern family planning methods shall be part of the National Drug Formulary and the same shall be included in the regular purchase of essential medicines and supplies of all national and local anaesthetic hospitals and other government health units.Ensures the availability of hospital-based family planning methods such as tubal ligation, vasectomy and intrauteri ne device insertion in all national and local government hospitals, except in specialty hospitals.Provides for a Mobile Health Care Service in every Congressional District to deliver health care goods and services.Provides Mandatory Age-appropriate Reproductive Health Education starting from Grade 5 to Fourth Year High School to develop the youth into responsible adults.The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) shall ensure that employees respect the reproductive health rights of workers.Mandates private and nongovernment reproductive health care service providers to provide at least(prenominal) forty-eight (48) hours annually of reproductive health services free of charge to indigent and low income patients, especially to pregnant adolescents.Mandates cities and municipalities to provide sexual and reproductive health programs for persons with disabilities (PWDs).Mandates the inclusion of the topics on responsible parenthood, family planning, breastfeeding and infant nutrition as essential part of the information given by local Family Planning office to all applicants for marriage license.Mandates no less than 10% increase in the honoraria of community-based volunteer workers, such as the barangay health workers, upon successful completion of training on the lecture of reproductive health care services.Creation of Congressional Oversight Committee (COC) which shall be composed of five (5) members each from the Senate and from the House of Representatives which shall monitor and ensure the effective implementation of this Act, limit the inherent weakness and loopholes in the law, recommend the necessary remedial legislation or administrative measures and perform such other duties and functions as may be necessary to attain the objectives of this Act.Penalizes the violator of this Act from one month to six months imprisonment or a fine ranging from ten megabyte to fifty thousand pesos or both such fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the Court.H.B 4244 covers all other six pending RH bills in the Congress but despite the clear purpose of the bill, the enactment of RH bill is long overdue.On the other hand, RH bill advocates see the qualifying of the consolidated RH bill in the 15th Congress since it was already approved by the House Committee on Population and Family Relations polish February 1 and it was also approved by the Committee on Appropriations with a vote of 20-3. Last March 8 which is incidentally the International Womens Day, RH bill reached the plenary. Biliran Representative Rogelio Espina, chairman of the Committee on Population and Family Relations, delivered his sponsorship speech on Committee Report 664. Three of the six sponsors of the bill also delivered speeches urging for its passage Minority Leader and Albay Representative Edcel Lagman, Gabriela partylist Representative Luz Ilagan and Akbayan partylist Representative Arlene Kaka Bag-ao.Meanwhile, President Benigno Aquino III ordered Health Secreaty Enrique Ona to draft the Responsible Parenthood Bill that would perhaps serve as a middle ground between RH advocates and the perform. Moreover, the President did also not include RH bill as part of his list of policy priorities after the perform issued a pastoral garner entitled Choosing Life, Rejecting RH Bill. Though Rep. Lagman desires that the Malacaang-sponsored version of the RH bill would not be able take the place of a more comprehensive RH bill since it is limited to the issue of family planning and responsible parenthood. Moreover, Health Secretary Ona is a known advocate of reproductive health and family planning. His public pronouncements have confirmed that he, wish well his predecessor Sec. Espie Cabral, is unwavering in his belief that RH is a basic human right. Because of this, Cong. Lagman believes that the crafting of the Responsible Parenthood bill would and should not hold back the passage of the consolidated RH bill.Cong. Edcel Lagman of the First Distric t of Albay is the principal author of the consolidated RH bill. gibe to him, the incidences of infant and maternal mortality in his own district are within the range of the national average. As a origin, they have set up lying-in clinics and birthing centers in the upland and island barangays of the first district of Albay so as to ensure that mothers in far flung barangays can be given collar and basic obstetric care. However, the problem of maternal and infant mortality and morbidity goes beyond the First District of Albay. The preventable deaths of mothers and children happen on a national scale so the need to formulate a national policy on reproductive health is imperative.Although he is a Catholic he believes that like many other Catholics in the country, they can be good Catholics and still sponsor a measure like RH bill that puts a insurance premium on quality of life and the protection and fulfilment of the basic human rights to reproductive health and sustainable human development. He also noted that the word catholic when used as an adjective means all-embracing, forward-looking and liberal. The antonym of catholic is conservative, narrow-minded and intolerant. That is why it is very ironic that the Catholic Church particularly the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) strongly opposes RH bill.Rep. Lagman is also the newly-elect chair of one of the ruling party in the country, the Lakas Kampi Catholic Muslim Democrats (CMD). However, because of the nature of the party system in the Philippines, this position in his party would not guarantee the passage of RH bill. According to him, his colleagues are free to support or oppose an issue as they see fit. Members of his party are not required to vote for or support RH bill. It is interesting to note that the former President and the incumbent representative of the second district of Pampanga, Rep. Gloria Arroyo, who is a member of the Lakas Kampi CMD is known to be a critic of RH b ill.In line with this, the conflicting views on RH bill do not only occur inside Congress. Central to the issue of RH bill is the political dynamics of the numerous actors involved in affecting the passage of the say bill. The different stakeholders and interest groups play important roles in the deliberation of the policy. This put the challenge to the legislators to balance and to be able to manufacture the conflicting views of these stakeholders and interest groups.But how did citizens start to participate in the decision-making process?Due to influx of information, there came a higher level of consciousness among citizens. Peoples propensity to participate in decision-making process amplified. People demand more of representation and participation in the government. In less complex times, elected representation was a sufficient means for most citizens to participate in government. Recently, for a number of reasons, including the diversity of citizens cultural heritage, needs, values, and interests, that has been changing and of course, the changes brought about by modernization, there is now a strong desire for citizens to be involved broadly in governance and directly in policy decisions.Governments, especially in developing countries, are very vulnerable and they are being assessed based on their economic and political performance. And one of the bases of a governments political performance is its capacity to provide venues for peoples participation and involvement. Hence, views and opinions of the general public should be taken into consideration in formulating, passing and implementing a policy. For this reason, one of the biggest challenges which government faces is the need to balance the conflicting views of different interest groups in a particular policy. This problem is very much observed in the issue of coming up with a reproductive health policy in the Philippines.Conflicting views and opinions from numerous actors and stakeholders in the re productive health bill have always marred the passage of the said bill. Certain sectors and segments of the population will emphatically be affected upon the implementation of the said policy and they also have different views regarding the passage of RH bill. However, the stakeholders who have the resources to influence or actually determine the success or failure of the reproductive health bill are the Roman Catholic Church, the women sector and pharmaceutical companies in the country. The table below shows an analysis of the four primary stakeholders in the RH bill.From the stakeholders listed above, the Catholic Church and organized women groups are the primary actors in the debate in adopting a reproductive health policy in the country because they are the most visible in terms of their campaign for or against the said policy.The Catholic Church is the main critic of the reproductive health bill because it argues that the policy is anti-life because it promotes the use of mode rn contraception measures. Also, it argues that RH bill does not really address poverty.In the researchers interview with Archbishop Oscar V. Cruz and Carmelo Cruz, Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) News Editor, they said that the Catholic Churchs judgment in the political performance of former President Ferdinand Marcos that significantly contribute for making EDSA People position I happened in 1986 is the same as their opposition to the six pending reproductive health bills in the Congress. Their opposition to the immoral regime of Pres. Marcos is the same as their opposition to an immoral policy, the reproductive health bill. (This was also written in CBCPs Pastoral Letter entitled Choosing Life, Rejecting RH bill issued last January 30, 2011.)Moreover, they believe that it is not the poor Filipino people who will benefit from the implementation of the reproductive health bill but the foreign owners of transnational pharmaceutical companies who will supply mo dern contraceptives. They also believe that if a reproductive health bill will be enacted into law, it will paved the way for the introduction and passage of other policies such as policies on divorce, mercy killing and same sex marriage. The Catholic Church believes that the passage of a reproductive health bill will deteriorate the authentic human values and as well as the Filipino cultural values in accordance to the teachings of the Church.Archbishop Oscar V. Cruz said that although reproductive health bill can lessen infant and maternal mortality, he argued that the reason behind infant and maternal mortality and morbidity is poverty and inaccessible to basic health care services. According to him, health care services are inaccessible to poor families because of bad governance and corruption, services are not delivered to poor communities because public official corrupt the money that is intended for communities welfare. For these reasons, the solution to infant and maternal m ortality in the country is not the reproductive health bill, the solution needs to focus to the root causes of the problem which is bad governance and poverty.However, the Catholic hierarchy said that is not against the elimination of violence against women, the treatment of breast cancer, maternal and child health and nutrition and other elements of RH. It is only against making modern family planning methods available to women and couples and the teaching of sexuality and RH education to the youth. The Church believes that RH bill would violate the teachings of the Church specifically the 1968 encyclical Humanae Vitae which is the basis of the Church teaching that contraceptives are intrinsically evil.The Church has been firm in its stand against RH bill. The Church is having dialogues to the current administration to turn down RH bills that are pending in Congress. Moreover, the Church through its archdioceses and dioceses consults representatives from each district for them to b e win over not to vote for RH bill. Also, the CBCP issues statements to inform the public why RH bill should not be enacted into law. And what is more important is the impact of the Catholic Church in shaping or influencing public opinion since majority of Filipinos are Catholics. Some officials are threatened that their stand regarding the issue on RH bill might affect their political careers.Because of the strong opposition of the Catholic Church to adopt a reproductive health policy in the country and the resources it has to affect the decisions of public officials, the passage of the bill becomes impossible despite the need for a reproductive health policy in the country. Last January 30, CBCP issued a pastoral letter against RH bill. As an effect, the President did not include RH bill from among the Legislative Executive Development Advisory Councils policy measures that probably would unduly delay again the passage of RH bill.If the Catholic Church strongly oppose RH bill, or ganized womens groups tell the other side of the story. Womens organizations such as Gabriela Womens Party and Likhaan Center for Womens Health Inc. stalwartly campaign for the passage of RH bill. These RH advocate groups believe that the rights of people to reproductive health do not depend on a few powerful men deciding the fate of women (Likhaan, 2011). In the explanatory note of House Bill 3368 introduced by Gabriela Womens Party, it states that Filipino women do not have to die at childbirth just because they are poor, they do not have to suffer from undiagnosed cervical, breast, vulvar, ovarian or similar cancers of the reproductive system just because they do not have access to adequately staffed and equipped public health facilities Women do not have to suffer from untreated uterine fibroid or such similar conditions just because diagnostic procedures are costly, women should not die at childbirth because their infants need them for optimum care, love and inclination if chi ldren are to grow up to realize their full potential as productive and responsible members of our society.Due to these reasons, access to reproductive health programs, resources and services for marginalized women needs to be guaranteed by the government. A national reproductive health policy is seen to offer health care services that will basically benefit women, especially the marginalized. Advancing reproductive health rights in a comprehensive, available, accessible, acceptable, and democratic manner is a long overdue mandate of the Philippine government to its female population given the social and economic realities in the country. Hence, the approval of legislators to pass RH bill is indispensable (Likhaan, 2011).According to Junice Demeterio-Melgar, the executive director of Likhaan and Secretary-General of Reproductive Health advocacy Network (RHAN), family planning will save the lives of mothers because family planning changes the composition of child-bearing. This means that pregnancies in women who are considered at a higher risk of dying from pregnancy and childbirth-related causes will be dramatically reduced. These are women who are too young, too old, have had too many children or have had unremitting pregnancies. Medical experts have stated that pregnancy in women below 18 or above 35 is considered high risk. They have also emphasized that womens bodies need anywhere from two to three years to fully recover from the rigors of pregnancy and childbirth.Moreover, the World Health Organization concludes that if women have information and access to contraceptives and are taught to use them properly, the fall in maternal mortality is likely to be even greater than the fall in the pregnancy rate.With their struggle for the passage of RH bill, womens groups tied up with other RH advocates to pressure legislators to pass RH bill. Reproductive Health Advocacy Network (RHAN), which has forty-three (43) national organizations with no less than 10,000 mem bers in grassroots communities nationwide, continues to have dialogues with the President and with their recent dialogue, RHAN reminded the President about his Social Contract, which included a commitment to responsible parenthood based on informed choice and support to poor families.RHAN, specifically Likhaan, is disappointed with the Presidents decision to resort to a Responsible Parenthood Bill instead of a more comprehensive RH bill. According to them, further dialogues of the President to CBCP will trap his administration into delay and inaction, or push it to drop the freedom of choice principle in the Presidents promise of responsible parenthood since the Church will always disagree to any RH bill because its opposition to RH is based on the core principle of human life, it is clear that immovable religious beliefs are the bedrock of the bishops opposition to RH as pointed out by the recent CBCPs pastoral letter. Further dialogues or consultations will never change the stance of the Catholic Church.Aside from dialogues, advocates continue to hold fora and debates on the issues of RH and human development from schools and universities to service clubs and community-based organizations. In addition, they hold mobilizations and rallies in front of Congress to pressure legislators to enact the said bill.Both stakeholders prove to be significant and effective in their campaign for or against RH bill. However, the Church as an established and one of the most powerful institutions in the country which affect public opinion has an advantage in affecting the outcome of the said policy. However, RH advocates do not only have the superiority of numbers but they also have the superiority of arguments.Although the Church has the capacity to influence or even shape public opinion, perhaps the case on the debate on RH bill is isolated. Recent survey results show that majority of Filipino and Filipino Catholics support RH bill. Although the RH critics say that people a re only misinformed about the content of the measure, advocates say that the capacity of Filipinos to understand an issue like RH, responsible parenthood and population and development should not be underestimated. People support the RH bill because they realize how important it is to become a responsible parent. Filipinos also believe that is not only important for them to be able to plan and space their children, it is equally important that the State provide information on and access to all forms of family planning methods.The following data are results of SWS and Pulse Asia surveysSocial Weather Station (October 2008)71% of Filipinos are in favor of the RH bill76% of Filipinos agree that there should be a law requiring government to teach family planning to the youth and68% believe that there should be a law requiring government to distribute legal contraceptives like condoms, pills and IUDsPulse Asia (February 2010)93% of Filipinos consider it important to have the ability to p lan their families82% of Filipinos believe government should teach couples about all methods of family planningAnother 82% of Filipinos say that it is the governments duty to provide the people with knowledge, services, and materials on all methods of family planning75% of Filipinos consider it important that a candidate for election includes modern family planning in the program of action he will pursue64% of Filipinos will vote for candidates who publicly promote modern methods of family planning with only 6% saying that they will not vote for such candidates. The rest were undecided andA considerable majority of Filipinos (63%) want the RH bill to be passed into law with only 8% expressing opposition to the measure.Even Catholics have spoken They want the RH bill passed.68% of Catholics believe that government

ATR-FTIR Analysis for Oil Type Identification

ATR-FTIR outline for anele color colour Type IdentificationAbstractAttenuated fundamental Reflectance-Fourier understand Infr atomic enumerate 18d Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis could greatly help in the naming of crude color. By mere inspection of the IR spectra, gross(a) oils can be easily signaliseed from coco palm oils. Identification of oils can be enhance by the use of chemometrical techniques such oral sex Component Analysis (PCA). Using this technique, penetrating differences in the spectra can be used to crystallise vegetable oils. This study have shown that ATR-FTIR together with PCA can be used to dissimilariate unsaturated oils from saturated oil and discriminate virgin coconut oil (VCO) from ordinary refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil (CCO).IntroductionVirgin coconut oil (VCO) has a latent to be one of the Philippines high-value export products. In the first half of 2005 alone about 350 metric tons of VCO were shipped to foreign markets. Vir gin coconut oil is a minimally process or a cold press oil obtained by mechanical means (Philippine National Standard for Virgin coconut Oil 2005) such as crushing pressing and centrifugation. These procedures result in the retention of the natural flavor and diminished parcels of the oil, which can otherwise be destroyed by chemical process such as refining, deodorizing and bleaching. Cold pressed oils commands a high price comp bed to processed oils because these natural procedures deliver lower yield and uses higher quality raw materials to prevent spoilage (Ulberth and Buchgraber 2000).To ensure the quality of VCO in the country, The Philippine National Standard provided a criterion (PNS/BAFPS 222004). This standard includes decision of fatty acid composition utilize gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), iodine value and sensory parameters such as taste, odor and color (Philippine National Standard for Virgin Coconut Oil 2005). However, it is a known fact that the fatty acid pro file of oils is species dependent therefore this mixture method cannot distinguish VCO from ordinary refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil (CCO). Iodine value in the other hand gives information on the degree of unsaturation of the oil and may be use only to distinguish coconut oils from unsaturated oil like corn oil (CO) and soybean oil (SO) but cannot discriminate VCO from CCO. Sensory parameters can easily be manipulated by bleaching and deodorizing the oil or by addition of flavoring agents.In recent years, various spectroscopical methods have been employed to authenticate vegetable oils such as virgin olive oil (VOO) (Aparicio and Luna 2002 Bucci et al. 2002 Dupuy et al. 1996 Lankmayr et al. 2004 Ozen et al. 2003 Tapp et al. 2003 Tay et al. 2002 Vigli et al. 2003 Yang et al. 2005). These techniques have the advantages of minimal sample preparation and rapid analysis time (Ulberth and Buchgraber 2000). In the study conducted by Yang et al (2005), Fourier Transform Infrar ed (FTIR) spectroscopy was found to be the most efficient in classification of oils as compared to Fourier Transform Raman and Fourier Transform Near Infrared spectroscopy. An attenuated gist reflectance (ATR) accessory is usually used with the FTIR spectrometer for oil and fat study ascribable to its ability to handle liquid samples easily. The resulting infrared spectrum contains all oscillational information about the entire components of the sample. In order to take full advantage of the phantasmal information, including subtle features that may not be readily discerned, designing recognition techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are commonly used. These techniques can reveal relationships that were not previously suspected, which can lead to interpretations that are not readily apparent by mere visual inspection of IR spectra alone (Beebe et al. 1998 Davies and Fearn 2005). PCA is a mathematical manipulation used to reorganize the high-dimensionality of spe ctroscopic data into a smaller number of Principal Components or PCs that can account for the majority of the information in the data set.MethodologyAll samples of palatable oils were obtained from reputable supermarkets in Iloilo City. Samples include four brands of VCO a total of six samples, one brand have a total of three samples, two regular VCO with different manufacturing dates (labeled as VCO2 and VCO3) and one corn flavored VCO (labeled as VCO4) , three different brands of coconut oil ( CCO1, CCO2, and CCO3) and one brand each of corn oil (CO), soybean oil (SO), canola oil (CLO), virgin olive oil (VOO) and palm oil (PO). The oils were stored in their original containers until used. Minimal opening of bottles were observed to prevent oxidation of oils.Infrared (IR) spectra of samples were obtained at 4000 400 cm-1, 1 cm-1 resolution and 64 scans using the Avatar 330 Thermo Nicolet FTIR equipped with DTGS (deuterated tri-glycine sulphate) detector and EZ OMNIC software at the University of the Philippines in the Visayas chemistry Laboratory, Miag-ao, Iloilo. Samples were placed directly on a multi-bounce zinc selenide horizontal ATR crystal. The ATR crystal was totally cleaned using acetone after each run.IR spectral data of different oils from EZ OMNIC software were reborn to Microsoft Excel files. Data were arranged in tabular form, different oils in columns and transmittance at different wavelengths in rows. The excel file was then transferred to Unscrambler reading material 9.6 for Principal Components Analysis. The evaluation version of this software can be downloaded at www.camo.com.Results and DiscussionThe FTIR spectra of most fats and oils appeared almost visually similar the slight differences in the spectral features reflect the variations in the fatty acid composition (Figure1 to 6). Every peak in the spectra represents structural and functional group, either of the oil or other minor components. At the high frequency end of the spectr um (4000-3500 cm-1) only a few absorption bands can be observed. The most notable are the absorption bands due to O-H stretching vibration at about 3700 and 3400 cm-1, which may be due to moisture, alcohol or fatty acids. Both alcohols and free fatty acids are humiliation product of triglycerides which accumulate during prolong storage and in the front of moisture. For a clean and dry oil, only the first overtone of the C=O vibration could be seen. The strong band dominating the 3000-2840 cm-1 region is due to C-H stretches of methylene and terminal methyl groups. The =C-H stretch absorbed at slightly higher region, 3095 -3010 cm-1. A strong absorption peak in the range of 1750-1735 cm-1 is due to the C=O stretch of an aliphatic ester. If degradation has occurred a shoulder located on the lower frequency side of this will appear due to the C=O stretch of the resulting long chain carboxylic acid (1730-1700 cm-1). A lemony peak at about 1660-1600 cm-1 results from a C=C stretching vibration. The presence of this peak together with a C-H peak at wavenumber greater than 3000 cm-1 is a good indication of unsaturation. The part of the spectrum lower than 1500 cm-1 is called the fingerprint region. The absorption in this area of the spectrum is highly characteristic of the molecule as a whole, and can be used to identify the substance (Pavia et al. 2000 van de Voort et al. 2001).As shown in Figure1-6 its is easy to distinguish unsaturated oils from saturated oils by observing the regions that indicate unsaturation, 3095-3010 cm-1 and 1660-1600 cm-1. For olive, corn, palm, canola and soybean oil sharp peaks are seen in both of these areas but no such peaks can be seen in the IR spectra of either CCO or VCO. Thus, visual test of the IR spectrum can provide a way to distinguish unsaturated oils from coconut oils. However, visual inspection of the spectra alone is insufficient to differentiate VCO from CCO because their IR spectra are identical to the naked eye.To co mpare such large data sets like IR spectra, which consist of more than a thousand wavelengths, Principal Component Analysis can be used. This chemometrical technique mathematically models the data into a more manageable data sets (consisting of a few principal components) that can then be interpreted more easily (Brereton 2003).Principal Component Analyses were performed on the spectra of all oils using Unscrambler version 9.6 software. The software generated several important speckles. The percent variance plot gives the total variation in the data set that is described by a particular PC. This plot can be used to determine the number of PC that can effectively describe the whole data set. The 2D scatter plot (PCy vs. PCx) represents how the samples are related to each other. The closeness of the samples in the plot is interpreted as chemical similarity(Beebe and others 1998).The percent variance plot (Figure 7) of the oil samples spectra generated by the software shows that the first two principal components represent almost speed of light% of the variance in the data set. As a general rule the PCs that account for less than 5% of the data variation can be jilted (Beebe and others 1998), therefore the first two PCs are sufficient in making our investigation. The scatter plot of first principal component (PC1) versus the second principal component (PC2) shows that it possible to separate the oils into two separate groups, the unsaturated and coconut oil group (Figure 8). Unsaturated oil group consists of corn oil, soya oil, canola oil, palm oil while that of the coconut oil includes CVO and CCO.Performing the same analysis on CCO and VCO spectra reveals that only the PC1 and the PC2 are highly significant (Figure 9). However, the scatter plot of the two PCs did not successfully separate VCO from CCO (Figure 10). Close inspection of spectra reveal that there are absorption bands at the high frequency region that might indicate the presence of moisture, fat ty alcohol or fatty acids in some samples. This observation is confirmed by the Influence Plot (Figure 11) that shows that there is a high rest period variance of the 3740 cm-1, a wavenumber corresponding to H-O absorption. This indicates that the moisture content, fatty alcohol or the free fatty acid content of the oil may have greatly controlled the classification process. The other residual in the influence plot may be due to other components of VCO or CCO that are vital in the classification process.To correct for the effect of the O-H absorption band, it was decided to eliminate wavelength above 1800 cm-1 from the spectra of the oil and use only the area encompassing the carbonyl carbon (C=O) and fingerprint region, 1800-400 cm-1. Principal component analysis of this part of the spectra shows that the first two PC can be used to correctly classify VCO and CCO into separate groups (Figure 12 and 13).In conclusion, FTIR identification of oils can be enhance by the use of chemome trical techniques such Principal Component Analysis. Using this technique, subtle differences in the spectra can be used to classify oil. FTIR together with PCA can differentiate unsaturated oils from saturated oil and can discriminate virgin coconut oil from ordinary refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil (CCO).AcknowledgementThe authors are very grateful to the UP System for upgrading the UPV Chemistry Laboratory and for the purchase of the FTIR used this study possible.Literature CitedAparicio R, Luna G. 2002. Charaterization of Monovarietal Virgin Olive Oils. European Journal of lipoid Science Technology 104614-627.Beebe KR, Pell RR, Mary BS. 1998. Chemometrics A Practical Guide. New York washbowl Wiley Sons, Inc. 348 p.Brereton RG. 2003. Chemometrics Data Analysis for the Laboratory and Chemical Plant. West Sussex John Wiley Sons Ltd. 489 p.Bucci R, Magri AD, Magri AL, Marini D, Marini F. 2002. Chemical Authentication of extra Virgin Olive Oil Varieties by Supervise C hemometric Procedure. Journal Agricultural provender Chemistry 50413-418.Davies AMC, Fearn T. 2005 Back to fundamentals The Principles of Principal Component Analysis. Spectroscopy Asia35-38.Dupuy N, Duponchel L, Huvenne J, Sombret B, Legrand P. 1996. Classification of Edible Fats and Oils by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra. Food Chemistry 57(2)245-251.Lankmayr E, Mocak J, Serdt K, Balla B, Wenzl T, Bandoniene D, Gfrerer M, Wagner S. 2004. Chemometrical Classification of Pumpkin Seed OIl using Uv-Vis, NIR and FTIR Spectra. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 61(1-2)95-106.Ozen BF, Weiss I, Mauer L. 2003. Dietary Supplement Oil Classification and Detection of Adulteration Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry 515871-5876.Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS. 2000. Introduction to Spectroscopy. New York Brooks Cole.Philippine National Standard for Virgin Coconut Oil. 2005. PNS/BAFPS 222004.Tapp HS, Defernez M, Kemsley K. 2003. FTIR spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis can reveal the Geographic Origin of Extra Virgin Olive Oil. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry 516110-6115.Tay A, Singh RK, Krishnan SS, Gore JP. 2002. Authentication of Olive Oil degraded with Vegetable Oils Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. LWT-Food Science and Technology 3599-103.Ulberth F, Buchgraber M. 2000. Authenticity of Fats and OIls. European Journal of Lipid Science Technology 102687-694.van de Voort F, Sedman J, Russin T. 2001. Lipid Analysis by Vibrational Spectroscopy. European Journal of Lipid Science Technology 103815-840.Vigli G, Philippidis A, Spyros A, Dais P. 2003. Classification of Edible Oils by Employing 31P and 1H NMR Spectroscopy in Combination with Multivariate Statistical Analysis. A Proposal for the Detection of Seed Oil Adulteration in Virgin Olive Oils. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry 515715-5722.Yang H, Irudayaraj J, Paradkar M. 2005. Discriminant Analysis of Edible Oils and Fats by FTIR, FT-N IR and FT-Raman Spectroscopy. Food Chemistry 9325-32.

Essay on Obsession in Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Obsession in Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde   Webster defines obsession to be Compulsive, often anxious preoccupation with a fixed idea or unwanted emotion.    Or, A compulsive, usually irrational idea or emotion.    The strange thing about obsession is the absolute inability of the person, once obsessed, to understand their own actions in retrospect. Both Victor Frankenstien, of Marry Shelleys Frankenstein, and Henry Jekyll, of Robert Louis Stevensons The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde fit the criteria of one who is obsessed. With Victor Frankenstien, obsession came in the organize of a lust for fame. Victors own word reflect his inability to understand or control his own actions.    a groan bankrupt from his heaving breast.    he spoke, in broken accents Unhappy man    Do you share my madness?    Have you drunk also of the intoxicating draught?    understand me let me reveal my tale, and you will dash the cup from your lips Victor describes his actions as those of a man possessed by madness, or one who is intoxicated.    In his refusal to drive personal responsibility for his actions, he blames (four times ) destiny or fate.    Victors actions are those of a man possessed by his own desires, bit a blind eye to the possible consequences of his actions until the completion of the event by which he was obsessed.    Upon succeeding in reanimating a dead body, or more accurately the composition of parts from various dead bodies from both human and animal bodies, Victor recoils in horror.    How can I describe my emotions at ... ...f for, are of no concern when compared to those of Victor and Henry.    And yet, I think of them as being quite destructive in my own world. I suppose that by reading these novels, I can learn from their mistakes. Or, perhaps more honestly, I am obsessed wit h the vicarious thrill and terror that I experience through them.    I hope, for my sake, that the reason is true.    Perhaps the reason I enjoyed these readings so much is that I identify with both Victor and Henry to a small extent.    I know from experience that I am capable of being captured by an idea or desire.    Perhaps the reason I so vehemently abhor the actions of these two characters is that I secretly fear that I would be susceptible to the same weaknesses that they were.    Indeed, perhaps we all are.  

Analysis of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman Bro

Analysis of Young Goodman Brown   Young Goodman Brown by Nathanial Hawthorne is a short story that is in truth inte counterweighting, as well as entertaining. This essay allow for first provide a brief summary of the story, followed by an analysis of the importance of symbolism. The nature of worthless get out then be discussed as it relates to the control of the mind of a once naive and innocent goodman Brown. The climax of the story will be analyze and the villainy within this overtaking will be discussed and related to the final downfall of goodman Brown.             As Young Goodman Brown begins, we are introduced to goodman Brown and his wife trustingness as they bid parting to one another on the streets of Salem village. It is sunset and goodman Brown is setting off on a journey to running play a secret errand. We subsequently find out that he is planning on meeting Satan and sacrificing his soul to pure evil. Throughout the story, goodman Brown is anguished by the idea of evil and he is doubtful of weather or not he should continue on his journey. He is finally persuaded, however, when he hears credence turn herself over to Satan.             Toward the annul of the story we find out that this whole excursion may have been a dream, only if even so, goodman Brown was so impacted by it that he will never recover to feel a peaceful, happy life. He will die a miserable death, with no hopeful rhythm mold upon his tomb, for as we are told in the final line of the story, his dying second was gloom(pg.585). Symbolism plays an important role in this story, as it does in many of Hawthornes stories. beginning(a) of all, the fact that goodman Browns wife is named Faithis... ...good and evil as he has been throughout the story, but here it is different because it is the moment of truth in which he would either convey good over evil or evil over good. We never know which he ended up choosing, but it appears that he chose evil because for the rest of his life, he can see no good in anything or anybody. Evil rules his existence as he is pursue by guilt that will not let him enjoy the beautiful things in this world. This choice signifies goodman Browns final downfall into the arms of evil, as he will be destined to live a life of misery. No good will ever be seen, heard, or understood by goodman Brown again, for he only sees the evil in this world. As we are told in the final passage of this story, when goodman Brown finally leaves this world, they carved not a hopeful verse upon his tombstone for his final hour was gloom.(pg.585)   Analysis of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman Bro Analysis of Young Goodman Brown   Young Goodman Brown by Nathanial Hawthorne is a short story that is very interesting, as well as entertaining. This essay will first provide a brief summary of the story, followe d by an analysis of the importance of symbolism. The nature of evil will then be discussed as it relates to the control of the mind of a once naive and innocent goodman Brown. The climax of the story will be analyzed and the evil within this passage will be discussed and related to the final downfall of goodman Brown.             As Young Goodman Brown begins, we are introduced to goodman Brown and his wife Faith as they bid farewell to one another on the streets of Salem village. It is sunset and goodman Brown is setting off on a journey to run a secret errand. We later find out that he is planning on meeting Satan and sacrificing his soul to pure evil. Throughout the story, goodman Brown is tormented by the idea of evil and he is doubtful of weather or not he should continue on his journey. He is finally persuaded, however, when he hears Faith turn herself over to Satan.             Toward th e end of the story we find out that this whole excursion may have been a dream, but even so, goodman Brown was so impacted by it that he will never recover to live a peaceful, happy life. He will die a miserable death, with no hopeful verse carved upon his tomb, for as we are told in the final line of the story, his dying hour was gloom(pg.585). Symbolism plays an important role in this story, as it does in many of Hawthornes stories. First of all, the fact that goodman Browns wife is named Faithis... ...good and evil as he has been throughout the story, but here it is different because it is the moment of truth in which he would either choose good over evil or evil over good. We never know which he ended up choosing, but it appears that he chose evil because for the rest of his life, he can see no good in anything or anybody. Evil rules his existence as he is haunted by guilt that will not let him enjoy the beautiful things in this world. This choice signifies goodman Browns fina l downfall into the arms of evil, as he will be destined to live a life of misery. No good will ever be seen, heard, or understood by goodman Brown again, for he only sees the evil in this world. As we are told in the final passage of this story, when goodman Brown finally leaves this world, they carved not a hopeful verse upon his tombstone for his final hour was gloom.(pg.585)